Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, section 158

Heavy Construction

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Participles.

158.

The Participles are used as follows: -

a. The Present Participle (ending in -ns) has commonly the same meaning and use as the English participle in -ing; as, vocáns, calling; legentés, reading. (For its inflection, see egéns, § 118.)

b. The Future Participle (ending in -úrus) is oftenest used to express what is likely or about to happen: as, réctúrus, about to rule audítúrus, about to hear.

NOTE: With the tenses of esse, to be, it forms the First Periphrastic Conjugation (see § 195): as, urbs est cásúra, the city is about to fall; mánsúrus eram, I was goi[QUERY] to stay.

c. The Perfect Participle (ending in -tus, -sus) has two uses: -

1. It is sometimes equivalent to the English perfect passive participle as, téctus, sheltered; acceptus, accepted; ictus, having been struck; and often has simply an adjective meaning: as, acceptus, acceptable.
2. It is used with the verb to be (esse) to form certain tenses of the passive: as, vocátus est, he was (has been) called.

NOTE: There is no Perfect Active or Present Passive Participle in Latin. F[QUERY] substitutes see §§ 492, 493.

d. The Gerundive (ending in -ndus), has two uses: -

1. It is often used as an adjective implying obligation, necessity, propriety (ought or must): as, audiendus est, he must be heard.

NOTE: When thus used with the tenses of the verb to be (esse) it forms the Seco[QUERY] Periphrastic Conjugation: déligendus erat, he ought to have been chosen (§ 196).

2. In the oblique cases the Gerundive commonly has the same meaning as the Gerund (cf. § 159. a), though its construction is different. (F[QUERY] examples, see § 503 ff.)