Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, section 19

Heavy Construction

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19.

The most important correspondences in consonants between Latin and English, in cognate words, Inay be seen in the following table: - [1][The Indo-European parent speech had among its consonants voiced aspirates (bh, dh, gh). All these suffered change in Latin, the most important results being, for bh, Latin f, b (English has b, v, or f); for dh, Latin f, b, d (English has d); for gh, Latin h, g (English has y, g). The other mutes suffered in Latin much less change, while in English, as in the other Germanic languages, they have all changed considerably in accordance with what has been called Grimm's law for the shifting of mutes.]

LATIN ENGLISH
p: pater f: father, earlier fader[2][The th in father is a late development. The older form fader seems to show an exception to the rule that English th corresponds to Latin t. The primitive Germanic form was doubtless in accordance with this rule, but, on account of the position of the accent, which in Germanic was not originally on the first syllable in this word, the consonant underwent a secondary change to d.]
f from bh: feró, fráter b: to bear, brother
b `` `` lubet, libet v, f: love, lief
t: tú, tenuis th: thou, thin[3][But to the group st of Latin corresponds also to English st; as in Latin stó, English stand.]
d: duo, dent- t: two, tooth
f from dh: fació d: do
d `` `` medius d: mid
b `` `` ruber d: red
c: cord-, cornú h: heart, horn
qu: quod wh: what
g: genus, gustus c, k, ch: kin, choose
h (from gh): hortus, haedus y, g: yard, goat
cons. i: iugum y: yoke
v: ventus, ovis w: wind, ewe
v from gv: vivus (for ¥gvívos), venió (for ¥gvenió) qu, c, k: quick, come

NOTE 1: Sometimes a consonant lost in Latin is still represented in English: as, niv- (for ¥sniv-), Eng. snow; ánser (for ¥hánser), Eng. goose.
NOTE 2: From these cases of kindred words in Latin and English must be carefully distinguished those cases in which the Latin word has been taken into English either directly or through some one of the modern descendants of Latin, especially French. Thus fació is kindred with Eng. do, but from the Latin participle (factum) of this verb comes Eng. fact, and from the French descendant (fait) of factum comes Eng. feat.

LATIN	ENGLISH
p: pater	f: father, earlier fader[2][The th in father is a late development. The older form fader seems to show an exception to the rule that English th corresponds to Latin t. The primitive Germanic form was doubtless in accordance with this rule, but, on account of the position of the accent, which in Germanic was not originally on the first syllable in this word, the consonant underwent a secondary change to d.]
f from bh: feró, fráter	b: to bear, brother
b `` `` lubet, libet	v, f: love, lief
t: tú, tenuis	th: thou, thin[3][But to the group st of Latin corresponds also to English st; as in Latin stó, English stand.]
d: duo, dent-	t: two, tooth
f from dh: fació	d: do
d `` `` medius	d: mid
b `` `` ruber	d: red
c: cord-, cornú	h: heart, horn
qu: quod	wh: what
g: genus, gustus	c, k, ch: kin, choose
h (from gh): hortus, haedus	y, g: yard, goat
cons. i: iugum	y: yoke
v: ventus, ovis	w: wind, ewe
v from gv: vivus (for ¥gvívos), venió (for ¥gvenió)	qu, c, k: quick, come
NOTE 1: Sometimes a consonant lost in Latin is still represented in English: as, niv- (for ¥sniv-), Eng. snow; ánser (for ¥hánser), Eng. goose. NOTE 2: From these cases of kindred words in Latin and English must be carefully distinguished those cases in which the Latin word has been taken into English either directly or through some one of the modern descendants of Latin, especially French. Thus fació is kindred with Eng. do, but from the Latin participle (factum) of this verb comes Eng. fact, and from the French descendant (fait) of factum comes Eng. feat.