Heavy Construction

322.

a. Etiam (et iam), also, even, is stronger than quoque, also, and usually precedes the emphatic word, while quoque follows it: -

• non verbis solum sed etiam vi (Verr. ii. 64), not only by words, but also by force.

  

• hoc quoque maleficium (Rosc. Am. 117), this crime too.

b. Nunc[1][For ¥num-ce; cf. tunc (for ¥tum-ce).] means definitely now, in the immediate present, and is rarely used of the immediate past.

Iam means now, already, at length, presently, and includes a reference to previous time through which the state of things described has been or will be reached. It may be used of any time. With negatives iam means (no) longer.

Tum, then, is correlative to cum, when, and may be used of any time. Tunc, then, at that time, is a strengthened form of tum (¥tum-ce, cf. nunc): -

• ut iam antea dixi, as I have already said before.

  

• si iam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet (Rosc. Am. 149), if he had attained a suitable age and strength (lit. if he now had, as he will have by and by).

  

• non est iam lenitati locus, there is no longer room for mercy.

  

• quod iam erat institutum, which had come to be a practice (had now been established).

  

• nunc quidem deleta est, tunc florebat (Lael. 13), now ('t is true) she [Greece] is ruined, then she was in her glory.

  

• tum eum regnabat, at the time when he reigned.

c. Certo means certainly, certe (usually) at least, at any rate: -

• certo scio, I know for a certainty;

  

• ego certe, I at least.

d. Primum means first (first in order; or for the first time), and implies a series of events or acts. Primo means at first, as opposed to afterwards, giving prominence merely to the difference of time: -

• hoc primum sentio, this I told in the first place.

  

• aedis primo ruere rebamur, at first we thouht the house was falling.

NOTE: In enumerations, primum (or primo) is often followed by deinde, secondly, in the next place or by tum, then, or by both in succession. Deinde may be several times repeated (secondly, thirdly, etc.). The series is often closed by denique or postremo, lastly, finally. Thus, - primum de gellere belli, deinde de magnitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo (Manil. 6) first of the kind of war, next of its magnitude, then of the choice of a commamder.

e. Quidem, indeed, gives emphasis, and often has a concessive meaning, especially when followed by sed, autem, etc.: -

• hoc quidem videre licet (Lael. 54), THIS surely one may see. [Emphatic.]

  

• [securitas] specie quidem blanda, sed reapse multis locis repudianda (id. 47), (tranquillity) in appearance 't is true attractive but in reality to be rejected for many reasons. [Concessive.]

f. Ne ... quidem means not even or not . . . either. The emphatic word or words must stand between ne and quidem: -

• sed ne Iugurtha quidem quietus erat (Iug. 51), but Jugurtha was not quiet either.

  

• ego autem ne irasci possum quidem iis quos valde amo (Att. ii. 19. 1), but I cannot even get angry with those whom I love very much.

NOTE: Equidem has the same senses as quidem, but is in Cicero confined to the first person. Thus, - equidem adprobabo (Fam. ii. 3. 2) If or my part shall approve.