43. a. The genitive singular anciently ended in -áí (disyllabic), which is occasionally found; as, auláí. The same ending sometimes occurs in the dative, but only as a diphthong.
b. An old genitive in -ás is preserves in the word familiás, ofren used in the combinations pater (máter, fílius, fília) familiás, tather, etc., of a family (plur. pátres familiás or familiárum.
c. The Locative form for the singular ends in -ae; for the plural in -ís (cf. § 80, footnote).
d. The genitive plural is sometimes found in -um instead of árum, especially in Greek patronymics, as, Aeneadum, sons of Aeneas, and in compounds with -cola and -gena, signifying dwelling and descent: as, caelicolum, celestials; Tróiugenum, sons of Troy; so also in the Greek nouns amphora and drachma.
e. The dative and ablative plural of dea, goddess, fília, daughter, end in an older form -ábus (deábus, fíliábus) to distinguish them from the corresponding cases of deus, god, and fílius, son (deís, fíliís). So rarely with other words, as, líberta, freed-woman; múla, she-mule; equa, mare. But, except when the two sexes are mentioned together (as in formulas, documents, etc.), the form in -ís is preferred in all but dea and fília.
NOTE 1: The old ending of the ablative singular (-ád) is sometimes retained in early Latin: as, praidád, booty (later, praedá).
NOTE 2: In the dative and ablative plural -eis for -ís is sometimes found, ans -iís (as in taeniís) is occasionally contracted to -ís (taemís); so regularly in words in -âia (as, Bâís from Bâiae).
| o | Electra, F. | synopsis, F. | art of music, F. |
| o NOM. | Électra (-á) | epitomé | música (é) |
| o GEN. | Électrae | epitomés | músicae (és) |
| o DAT. | Électrae | epitomae | músicae |
| o ACC. | Électram (-án) | epitomén | músicam (én) |
| o ABL. | Électrá | epitomé | músicá (é) |
| o | Andromache, F. | AEneas, M. | |
| o NOM. | Andromaché (-a) | Aenéás | Persés (-a) |
| o GEN. | Andromachés (-ae) | Aenéae | Persae |
| o DAT. | Andromachae | Aenéae | Persae |
| o ACC. | Andromachén (-am) | Aenéán (-am) | Persén (ám) |
| o ABL. | Andromaché (-á) | Aenéá | Persé (á) |
| o VOC. | Andromaché (-a) | Aenéá (-a) | Persá |
| o | Anchises, F. | son of AEneas, M. | comet, M. |
| o NOM. | Anchísés | Aeneadés (-a) | cométés (-a) |
| o GEN. | Anchísae | Aeneadae | cométae |
| o DAT. | Anchísae | Aeneadae | cométae |
| o ACC. | Anchísén (-am) | Aeneadén | cométén (ám) |
| o ABL. | Anchísé (-á) | Aeneadé (-á) | cométá (é) |
| o VOC. | Anchísé (-á, -a) | Aeneadé (-a) | cométa |
There are (besides proper names) about thirty-five of these words, several being names of plants or arts: as, crambé, cabbage; músicé, music. Most have also regular Latin forms: as, cométa; but the nominative sometimes has the a long.
a. Greek forms are found only in the singular; the plural, when it occurs, is regular; as, cométae, -árum, etc.
b. Many Greek nouns vary between the first, the secone, and the third declensions: as, Boótae (genitive of Boótés, -ís), Thúcýdidás (accusative plural of Thúcýdidés, -ís). See §52. a and § 81.
NOTE: The Greek accusative Scípiadam, from Scípiadés, descendent of the Scipios, is found in Horace.