Heavy Construction

Substantive Clauses of Purpose.

563.

Such are, verbs meaning to admonish, ask, bargain, command, decree, determine, permit, persuade, resolve, urge, and wish: - [1][Such verbs or verbal phrases are id agó, ad id venió, caveó (né), cénseó, cógó, concédó, cónstituó, cúró, décernó, édícó, flágitó, hortor, imperó, ínstó, mandó, metuó (né). moneó, negótium dó, operam dó, óró, persuádeó, petó, postuló, praecipió, precor, prónúntió, quaeró, rogó, scíscó, timeó (né), vereor (né), videó, voló.]

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• monet ut omnés suspíciónés vítet (B. G. i. 20), he warns him to avoid all suspicion.

  

• hortátur eós né animó déficiant (B. C. i. 19), he urges them not to lose heart.

  

• té rogó atque óró ut eum iuvés (Fam. xiii. 66), I beg and pray you to aid him.

  

• hís utí conquírerent imperávit (B. G. i. 28), he ordered them to search.

  

• persuádet Casticó ut régnum occupáret (id. i. 3), he persuades Casticus to usurp royal power.

  

• suís imperávit né quod omnínó télum reicerent (id. i. 46), he ordered his men not to throw back any weapon at all.

  

NOTE: With any verb of these classes the poets may use the Infinitive instead of an object clause: -

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• hortámur fárí (Aen. ii. 74), we urge [him] to speak.

  

• né quaere docérí (id. vi. 614), seek not to be told.

  

• temptat praevertere (id. i. 721), she attempts to turn, etc.

  

For the Subjunctive without ut with verbs of commanding, see § 565. a.

a. Iubeó, order, and vetó, forbid, take the Infinitive with Subject Accusative: -

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• Labiénum iugum montis ascendere iubet (B. G. i. 21), he orders Labienus to ascend the ridge of the hill.

  

• líberós ad sé addúcí iussit (id. ii. 5), he ordered the children to be brought to him.

  

• ab opere légátós discédere vetuerat (id. ii. 20), he had forbidden the lieutenants to leave the work.

  

• vetuére [bona] reddí (Liv. ii. 5), they forbade the return of the goods (that the goods be returned).

  

NOTE: Some other verbs of commanding etc. occasionally take the Infinitive: -

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• pontem imperant fierí (B. C. i. 61), they order a bridge to be built.

  

• rés monet cavére (Sall. Cat. 52. 3), the occasion warns us to be on our guard.

  

b. Verbs of wishing take either the Infinitive or the Subjunctive.

With voló (nóló, máló) and cupió the Infinitive is commoner, and the subject of the infinitive is rarely expressed when it would be the same as that of the main verb.

With other verbs of wishing the Subjunctive is commoner when the subject changes, the Infinitive when it remains the same.

1. Subject of dependent verb same as that of the verb of wishing: -

• 

• augur fierí voluí (Fam. xv. 4. 13), I wished to be made augur.

  

• cupió vigiliam meam tibi trádere (id. xi. 24), I am eager to hand over my watch to you.

  

• iúdicem mé esse, nón doctórem voló (Or. 117), I wish to be a judge, not a teacher.

  

• mé Caesaris mílitem dící voluí (B. C. ii. 32. 13), I wished to be called a soldier of Caesar.

  

• cupió mé esse clémentem (Cat. i. 4), I desire to be merciful. [But regularly, cupi=o esse cléméns (see § 457).]

  

• omnís hominés, quí sésé student praestáre céterís animálibus (Sall. Cat. 1), all men who wish to excel other living creatures.

  

2. Subject of dependent verb different from that of the verb of wishing:

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• voló té scíre (Fam. ix. 24. 1), I wish you to know.

  

• vim volumus exstinguí (Sest. 92), we wish violence to be put down.

  

• té tuá fruí virtúte cupimus (Brut. 331), we wish you to reap the fruits of your virtue.

  

• cupió ut impetret (Pl. Capt. 102), I wish he may get it.

  

• numquam optábó ut audiátis (Cat. ii. 15), I will never desire that you shall hear.

  

For voló and its compounds with the Subjunctive without ut, see § 565.

c. Verbs of permitting take either the Subjunctive or the Infinitive. Patior takes regularly the Infinitive with Subject Accusative ; so often sinó: -

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• permísit ut faceret (De Or. ii. 366), permitted him to make.

  

• concédó tibi ut ea praetereás (Rosc. Am. 54), I allow you to pass by these matters.

  

• tabernácula statuí passus nón est (B. C. i. 81), he did not allow tents to be pitched.

  

• vínum importárí nón sinunt (B. G. iv. 2), they do not allow wine to be imported.

  

d. Verbs of determining, decreeing, resolving, bargaining, take either the Subjunctive or the Infinitive: -

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• cónstituerant ut L. Béstia quererétur (Sall. Cat. 43), they had determined that Lucius Bestia should complain.

  

• proelió supersedére statuit (B. G. ii. 8), he determined to refuse battle.

  

• dé bonís régis quae reddí cénsuerant (Liv. ii. 5), about the king's goods, which they had decreed should be restored.

  

• décernit utí cónsulés díléctum habeant (Sall. Cat. 34), decrees that the consuls shall hold a levy.

  

• édictó né quis iniussú púgnáret (Liv. v. 19), having commanded that none should fight without orders.

  

NOTE 1: Different verbs of these classes with the same meaning vary in their construction (see the Lexicon). For verbs of bargaining etc. with the Gerundive, see § 500. 4.

NOTE 2: Verbs of decreeing and voting often take the Infinitive of the Second Periphrastic conjugation: - R=egulus captívós reddendós [esse] n=on c=ensuit (Off. i. 39), Regulus voted that the captives should not be returned. [He said, in giving his formal opinion: captíví nón reddendí sunt.]

e. Verbs of caution and effort take the Subjunctive with ut. But cónor, try, commonly takes the Complementary Infinitive: -

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• cúrá ut quam prímum intellegam (Fam. xiii. 10. 4), let me know as soon as possible (take care that I may understand).

  

• dant operam ut habeant (Sall. Cat. 41), they take pains to have (give their attention that, etc.).

  

• impellere utí Caesar nóminárétur (id. 49), to induce them to name Caesar (that Caesar should be named).

  

• cónátus est Caesar reficere pontís (B. C. i. 50), Caesar tried to rebuild the bridges.

  

NOTE 1: Cónor sí also occurs (as B. G. i. 8); cf. míror sí etc., § 572. b. N.

NOTE 2: Ut né occurs occasionally with verbs of caution and effort (cf. § 531): - c=ur=a et pr=ovid=e ut néquid eí désit (Att. xi. 3. 3), take care and see that he lacks nothing.

For the Subjunctive with quín and quóminus with verbs of hindering etc., see § 558.

5.4. Verbs of fearing take the Subjunctive, with né affirmative and né nón or ut negative.

In this use né is commonly to be translated by that, ut and né nón by that not: -

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• timeó né Verrés fécerit (Verr. v. 3), I fear that Verres has done, etc.

  

• né animum offenderet verébátur (B. G. i. 19), he feared that he should hurt the feelings, etc.

  

• né exhérédárétur veritus est (Rosc. Am. 58), he feared that he should be disinherited.

  

• órátor metuó né languéscat senectúte (Cat. M. 28), I fear the orator grows feeble from old age.

  

• vereor ut tibi possim concédere (De Or. i. 35), I fear that I cannot grant you.

  

• haud sáné perículum est né nón mortem optandam putet (Tusc. v. 118), there is no danger that he will not think death desirable.

  

NOTE: The subjunctive in né-clauses after a verb of fearing is optative in origin. To an independent né-sentence, as né accidat, may it not happen, a verb may be prefixed (cf. § 560), making a complex sentence. Thus, vidé né accidat; óró né accidat; cavet né accidat; when the prefixed verb is one of fearing, timeó né accidat becomes let it not happen, but I fear that it may. The origin of the ut-clause is similar.

5.5. Voló and its compounds, the impersonals licet and oportet, and the imperatives díc and fac often take the Subjunctive without ut: -

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• voló amés (Att. ii. 10), I wish you to love.

  

• quam vellem mé invítássés (Fam. x. 28. 1), how I wish you had invited me!

  

• mállem Cerberum metuerés (Tusc. i. 12), I had rather you feared Cerberus.

  

• sint enim oportet (id. i. 12), for they must exist.

  

• querámur licet (Caec. 41), we are allowed to complain.

  

• fac díligás (Att. iii. 13. 2), do love! [A periphrasis for the imperative dílige, love (cf. § 449. c).]

  

• díc exeat, tell him to go out.

  

• 

• NOTE 1: In such cases there is no ellipsis of ut. The expressions are idiomatic remnants of an older construction in which the subjunctives were hortatory or optative and thus really independent of the verb of wishing etc. In the classical period, however, they were doubtless felt as subordinate. Compare the use of cavé and the subjunctive (without né) in Prohibitions (§ 450), which appears to follow the analogy of fac.

NOTE 2: Licet may take (1) the Subjunctive, usually without ut; (2) the simple Infinitive; (3) the Infinitive with Subject Accusative; (4) the Dative and the Infinitive (see § 455. 1). Thus, I may go is licet eam, licet íre, licet mé íre, or licet mihi íre.

For licet in concessive clauses, see § 527. b.

NOTE 3: Oportet may take (1) the Subjunctive without ut; (2) the simple Infinitive; (3) the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. Thus I must go is oportet eam, oportet íre, or oportet mé íre.

a. Verbs of commanding and the like often take the subjunctive without ut: -

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• huic mandat Rémós adeat (B. G. iii. 11), he orders him to visit the Remi.

  

• rogat fínem faciat (id. i. 20), he asks him to cease.

  

• Mnésthea vocat, classem aptent socií (Aen. iv. 289), he calls Mnestheus [and orders that] his comrades shall make ready the fleet.

  

NOTE: The subjunctive in this construction is the hortatory subjunctive used to express a command in Indirect Discourse (§ 588).